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Simulation-Based Training in Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management (ACRM): A Decade of Experience

Steven K. Howard

Kevin J. Fish

Brian E. Smith

Yasser A. Sowb

Patient Safety Center of Inquiry at VA Palo Alto Health Care System

Several gaps exist in the training of clinicians in health care domains, such as anesthesiology, that have the cognitive profile of complexity and dynamism. These features are shared with other industries such as commercial aviation. Training for cockpit crews on Crew Resource Management (CRM) emphasizes decision-making and teamwork principles. The authors created a simulation-based curriculum (ACRM) for anesthesiology based on principles of CRM in aviation. The training philosophy adapted to health care is one of training single-discipline crews to work in teams. The ACRM curriculum involves highly realistic simulation scenarios requiring complex decision making and interaction with multiple personnel. Scenarios are each followed by a detailed debriefing using videotapes of the simulation session. ACRM has been adopted at major health care institutions around the world. Special training for instructors is provided, especially concerning debriefing. The ACRM approach has been extended to a wide variety of other health care domains that involve complexity and dynamism, such as emergency and trauma medicine, intensive care, and cardiac arrest response teams. Simulation-based training based on CRM principles is expected to become routine in many health care settings in the coming decade.

Key Words: anesthesiology • crew resource management • crises • debriefing • health care • patient simulation

Simulation & Gaming, Vol. 32, No. 2, 175-193 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/104687810103200206


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